Then God gave the people all these instructions:
“I am the Lord your God, who rescued you from the land of Egypt, the place of
your slavery. You must not have any other god but Me. You must not make for
yourself an idol of any kind or an image of anything in the heavens or on the
earth or in the sea. . . . You must not misuse the Name of the Lord your God. .
. . Remember to observe the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. You have six days
each week for your ordinary work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath day of rest
dedicated to the Lord your God. On that day no one in your household may do any
work. This includes you, your sons and daughters, your male and female
servants, your livestock, and any foreigners living among you. For in six days
the Lord made the heavens, the earth, the sea, and everything in them; but on
the seventh day He rested. That is why the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and set
it apart as holy. Honor your father and mother. Then you will live a long, full
life in the land the Lord your God is giving you. You must not murder. You must
not commit adultery. You must not steal. You must not testify falsely against
your neighbor. You must not covet your neighbor’s house. You must not covet
your neighbor’s wife, male or female servant, ox or donkey, or anything else
that belongs to your neighbor.” Exodus 20:1-4, 7-17 (NLT)
The
next great section of Exodus is chapters 20 through 24. In this section, God
personally spoke His Ten Commandments followed by further instructions given to
His servant Moses to tell His people, the Israelites (Exodus 20:1; Deuteronomy
5:4). At Mount Sinai, God exclusively wrote and spoke the Ten Commandments (see
also Exodus 31:18; Deuteronomy 10:4). “When the Lord finished speaking with
Moses on Mount Sinai, He gave him the two stone tablets inscribed with the
terms of the covenant, written by the finger of God” (Exodus 31:18, NLT). “The
Lord wrote the terms of the covenant—the Ten Commandments—on the stone tablets”
(Exodus 34:28, NLT). The Lord God proclaimed “His covenant—the Ten
Commandments—which He commanded you to keep, and which He wrote on two stone
tablets (Deuteronomy 4:13, NLT). The Ten Commandments are also called
the “Ten Words” of the covenant or law and called the “Decalogue” (see
Deuteronomy 4:13; Deuteronomy 10:4). These Ten Commandments were again repeated
by Moses at Deuteronomy 5:6–21 and were placed in the sacred Ark of the
Covenant (Deuteronomy 10:1-5).
Notice
that BEFORE God announced any instructions or commandments for the Israelites,
God reminded the Israelites of His grace in redeeming (liberating) the
Israelites from Egyptian slavery by His mighty outstretched hand (Exodus 20:2;
see also Exodus 6:6-7; Exodus 12:1-42, Exodus 14:1-31). “I am the Lord your
God, who rescued you from the land of Egypt, the place of your slavery” (Exodus
20:2, (NLT). In other words, God’s grace and redemption preceded the
giving of God’s law. God expected His people to humbly obey His commandments
out of gratitude for His gracious acts of redemption and salvation from
Egyptian slavery. Obedience to God’s commandments was for the people’s own good
(Deuteronomy 10:13). God wanted the people to always fear Him (have respect for
Him); walk in all His ways; wholeheartedly love and serve Him; and obey His
good commandments (Deuteronomy 10:12-13; see also Luke 12:5). Obedience to God’s
commandment brings blessings and life (Exodus 19:5-6; Deuteronomy 30:15-16,
19-20; see also Matthew 19:17).
The
Ten Commandments were the fundamental requirements of God’s covenant with
Israel at Mount Sinai. They constituted the basis of the moral principles and
summarized what the one true God expected of His people in terms of their daily
faith, worship, and conduct. In fact, the Ten Commandments given at Exodus
20:1-17 and Deuteronomy 5:6–21 formed a central core of morality. As mentioned
earlier, the Ten Commandments were written by God’s hand (Exodus 31:18). The
first five books of the Holy Bible (the Pentateuch) are known as books of the
Law because they are based upon on God’s Ten Commandments given at Mount Sinai
(also called Mount Horeb). Essentially,
the Ten Commandments are a summary of the Old Testament Law (Exodus 20:2-17;
Deuteronomy 5:6-21).
By
Jesus Christ’s earthly ministry, the Law meant not only the Old Testament
Scriptures (the written Law), but also the oral law (unwritten law) of Israel
as well. The religious leaders developed these oral laws and were sometimes
referred to as “the tradition of the elders” (compare Matthew 15:2; Mark 7:5;
Galatians 1:14). After the Babylonian captivity, the Jewish rabbis began to
make meticulous rules and regulations governing the daily lives of the people.
These rules and regulations were interpretations and application of the Law of
Moses, handed down from generation to generation. The Pharisees
and teachers of the law considered “the tradition of the elders” equally
important as the written Law of Moses given at Mount Sinai. It was not until
200 A.D. that these oral rules and regulations were put into writing in the
Mishnah. However, Jesus Christ did not follow the “traditions of the elders”
and was often called a lawbreaker because of His violations of these oral laws.
Amazingly,
Jesus Christ completely fulfilled the Sinai covenant by living totally devoted,
faithful, and obedient to God and God’s instructions.
Jesus
Christ moved the understanding of the Law of Moses from its external meaning into
its internal motives – the heart. Moving God’s instructions from outward
observance to an inward heart motivation and meaning was Jesus Christ’s concern
and the original concern of Moses (see Matthew 5:21-22, 27-28; see also
Deuteronomy 10:12-16). Jesus Christ taught and lived the written Law of Moses
and the written Law’s true intentions perfectly. In this sense, Jesus Christ affirmed
the heart and the spirit of the Law. The entire written Law of Moses stood for two
great principles: love for God and love for neighbor (see Matthew 22:34-40;
Mark 12:28-31; Luke 10:25-28; Romans 13:9; Galatians 5:6, 13-14; James 2:8).
The commandments to love God and love our neighbor had been in the Law all
along (see Deuteronomy 6:4-6; Leviticus 19:18). Jesus Christ simply lived genuine
love in His public ministry (e.g. fairness, truth, justice, mercy, humbleness,
kindness, forgiveness, gentleness, and compassion) (1 Corinthians 13). According
to Jesus Christ, doing to others what you would have them do to you expresses
the spirit and intent of “the Law and the Prophets” (Matthew 7:12; see also
Matthew 5:17; Mark 12:31; John 13:34). Even more, our love for one another
obeys Jesus Christ’s royal commandment (John 15:12, 17). If we genuinely love
our neighbors, we will not covet what they have, steal from them, lie about
them, or do any of the other evil things God prohibits in His Holy Word. This
is why love is the fulfillment of the Law (Romans 13:8-10).
Jesus
Christ: “I have loved you even as the Father has loved Me. Remain in My love. When
you obey My commandments, you remain in My love, just as I obey my Father’s
commandments and remain in His love. I have told you these things so that you
will be filled with My joy. Yes, your joy will overflow! This is My
commandment: Love each other in the same way I have loved you. There is no
greater love than to lay down one’s life for one’s friends. You are My friends
if you do what I command. I no longer call you slaves, because a master does
not confide in his slaves. Now you are My friends, since I have told you
everything the Father told Me. You did not choose Me. I chose you. I appointed
you to go and produce lasting fruit, so that the Father will give you whatever
you ask for, using My Name. This is My command: Love each other." John
15:9-17 (NLT)
The
Apostle Paul recognized that the Law had been given for a good purpose. The Law
was holy, just and good (see Romans 7:7-12, 14; 1 Timothy 1:8). God’s commandments
revealed to the people God’s ways of living holy lives (sanctification). Because
of human sinfulness, the Law became a curse instead of a blessing (Galatians
3:10-13). Like Jesus Christ, the Apostle Paul saw the Old Testament Law
fulfilled in the command to love, because genuine love does no harm and hurt to
one’s neighbor and always seeks God’s glory (Romans 13:8-10; Galatians 5:13;
Colossians 3:14; see also James 2:8; 1 John 4:8, 16; 1 John 5:3). God calls His
people, through faith in Jesus Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit, to
genuinely love one another as Jesus Christ loved the church and give His life
as an offering.
God
sends His Holy Spirit to now write the requirements of the Law onto human
hearts. Only with the help of God’s Holy Spirit can we meet the requirement to
love, which fulfills the entire Law (Galatians 5:16, 22-23; Romans 8). Through
our faith in Jesus Christ, God now writes His commandments on our human hearts
through the inward working of His Holy Spirit (Jeremiah 31:31-34; Ezekiel
36:26-27; Romans 8:2-4; Hebrews 8:8-12). In the Old Testament, God’s
commandments were written on tables of stone (Exodus 24:12). But under the New
Testament, God writes His commandments on our hearts through our faith in the
life and death of Jesus Christ (2 Corinthians 3:1–3). God’s Holy Spirit makes the
commandments a part of your inner being and enables believers in Jesus Christ
to fulfill the righteous demands of God’s commandments (Romans 8:1–4). This is
often called sanctification. Sanctification leads to loving God and loving one
another (see also Micah 6:6-8; Matthew 22:34-40).
Obedience
to the Ten Commandments does not and could not provide salvation (meaning
declaring one righteous and justified before God) for either Jews or Gentiles (see
Galatians 2:16; Galatians 3:11; Romans 3:20-24, 28). God never intended His
instructions or commandments to earn the people’s salvation or redemption (also
called justification) (Romans 3:21-4:25; see also Galatians 2:16-17). Obedience
to God’s commandments does not save people; only our wholehearted faith in God
brings salvation (Romans 1:16-17, see also Genesis 15:6; Habakkuk 2:4). Salvation
only comes through our faith, particularly faith in the life, death and
resurrection of Jesus Christ (Romans 1:16-17, see also Genesis 15:6; Habakkuk
2:4; Ephesians 2:8-10; 2 Corinthians 5:21). The Holy Scriptures teaches that
salvation is a GIFT of God received only through true faith in Him (see Romans
4:5; Ephesians 2:8-9). The Ten Commandments reveal God's righteousness and
demands righteousness, but obedience to the Ten Commandment cannot give righteousness (Galatians 2:21); only Jesus
Christ brings our righteousness before God (2 Corinthians 5:21). Only faith and
acceptance in the blood of Jesus Christ can cleanse us from sin (1 John 1:7, 9;
Hebrews 10:22). Even more, God provides us His Holy Spirit and our inheritance
through our faith in Jesus Christ (see Galatians 3:2, 18; Galatians 4:1-7). God
sends His Holy Spirit to all who believe on His Son, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit
empower believers to obey God's righteous will – the Ten Commandments (Romans
8:1-3).
In
the Old Testament Law, God gave the Israelites more than six hundred specific
commandments. All of these commandments were based on the Ten Commandments
(Exodus 20:1–17). The Ten Commandments are a summary of more than six hundred
specific commandments. These ten instructions or laws were for the Israelites’
good and not hurt. The Jewish ceremonial system presented in Exodus and
Leviticus was fulfilled by Jesus Christ’s life, death and resurrection, but the
moral content of God's law still remains. Nine of the Ten Commandments are
repeated in the New Testament epistles for the church to honor and obey. Only
the Sabbath commandment is not repeated in the New Testament. God lavishes His
unfailing love for a thousand generations on those who love Him and obey His
commands (Exodus 20:6). Even more, these instructions or commandments revealed
God’s holy nature and character to the people would reflect God’s true nature
to the world.
The
first four commandments deal with our relationship with God (our vertical
relationship), while the last six commandments deal with our relationship with
people (our horizontal relationship). If we love God and obey Him, we will also
love others. As to sanctification, God requires His people that call upon Him
in faith to obey the His unchanging moral law as summarized in the Ten
Commandment (see Matthew 19:17-21; Mark 10:18-21; Luke 18:20). The Ten
Commandments reflects God’s righteous character and disobediences to God’s Ten
Commandments make a person unclean (see Matthew 15:19-20; Mark 7:20-23).
In
the first commandment, God instructed the Israelites not to worship any other
gods (Exodus 20:3; see also Deuteronomy 6:4-9; Matthew 4:10; Matthew 22:37; Mark
12:29-30; Luke 10:27). No other god was to rival the one true God in Israel’s
heart and life (see also Exodus 20:22-26). The Israelites had just left from
Egypt, a land filled with many idols, many gods, and goddess. Yet, God revealed
to the Israelites, the Egyptians and the world that He was the only true and
living God of heaven and earth. There is no other god like El-Shaddai – the
Lord God Almighty (Exodus 6:3; Exodus 7:5 Exodus 15:11-14). “For the Lord your
God is the God of gods and Lord of lords. He is the great God, the mighty and
awesome God” (Deuteronomy 10:17, (NLT). The true and living God of Israel
created all things, sustains all things, and controls all things (see Acts
18:24-28). God will not share His worship with another, including the idol of money,
fame, work, or pleasure (Deuteronomy 10:20-21). “You must fear the Lord your
God and worship Him and cling to Him. . . . He alone is your God, the only One
who is worthy of your praise” (Deuteronomy 10:20-21, NLT). God wanted the people’s
exclusive and wholehearted love, devotion, allegiance, obedience and worship as
their only true God. In
His public ministry, Jesus Christ lived out this commandment by living fully
obedient, devoted and submissive to God with His whole heart, soul, mind, and
strength (John 17; see also Deuteronomy 6:4-6).
Second,
the Israelites were to not form, shape or make idols of any kind, idols made of
silver or gold, or any image (human or non-human) of anything in the heavens or
on the earth or in the sea (Exodus 20:4-6, 23; see also Luke 16:13). No human
or thing was to be an object of worship (see also Deuteronomy 5:8-9). God is Spirit
and cannot be represented by statues or any likeness (John 4:24). When the
Israelites came near and stood at the foot of Mount Sinai, the Israelites heard
the sound of His words but did not see His form; there was only a voice (Deuteronomy
4:11-12). Because God has no visible form, any idol intended to resemble God
would be a sinful misrepresentation of Him (see Deuteronomy 4:12, 15-18). Besides,
God is jealous and He will not share His worship or affections with any other
gods (Exodus 20:5). God desires and deserves our first love, affection, and
worship (Exodus 34:14; Deuteronomy 4:24; Deuteronomy 5:9; Deuteronomy 6:15). Those
people that were unfaithful and worshipped other gods or idols would bring down
God’s judgment and wrath on themselves and their household (Exodus 20:5). Yet,
faithfulness and obedience to God and His commands brought God’s lavish
unfailing love on themselves and their household for a thousand generations (Exodus
20:6).
Thirdly,
the Israelites were not to misuse or disrespect the Name of the Lord God
(Exodus 20:7; see also Matthew 5:34). God’s Name must always be respected,
esteemed, and honored by the people and never used falsely or frivolously
(Leviticus 19:12). We must respect God’s Name and use God’s Name properly with love,
praise and worship rather than in falsehood, cursing or joking. Those who
disrespected or misused God’s Name will not go unpunished (Exodus 20:7).
Fourth,
the Israelites were to maintain the Sabbath day as a holy day and cease from
their daily duties and regular work (Exodus 20:8-9; see also Genesis 2:2; Exodus
16:23; Exodus
35:3; Leviticus 25; Numbers 15:32-36; Deuteronomy 5:13-15; Mark 2:27-28). The Sabbath day was a day of rest before God
and the Israelites were to do no work of any kind and nor shall their sons,
daughters, slaves, or cattle shall work (Exodus 20:10). For six days the Lord
God created the heaven, earth, and sea, and everything in them, and He rested on
the seventh day after
the work of creation (Exodus 20:11). So the Sabbath day is blessed and set
aside for rest and worship to God (Exodus 20:11). God wanted the
people to realize a holy Sabbath day of rest as the Sabbath day is God’s gift
of rest (Exodus 16:29-30). Worship, meditation, and physical rest from a busy
work week would characterize the Sabbath day. “The Sabbath was made to meet the
needs of people, and not people to meet the requirements of the Sabbath” (Mark
2:27-28, NLT).
The
fourth commandment is the only one of the Ten Commandments not repeated after
the day of Pentecost (Acts 2). The church made Sunday a day of rest and worship
as they celebrated Jesus Christ’s resurrection each week (Acts 20:7). Sunday is
the Lord’s Day. The Lord’s Day is the first day of the week – so named because
Jesus Christ rose from complete death on that day (Revelation 1:10). On the
Lord’s Day, believers in Jesus Christ meet for worship, instruction in the
faith, doing good works, and mutual encouragement of one another (see Mark 3:4;
Ephesians 5:19; Hebrews 10:24-25). Believers in Jesus Christ rested on the
first day of the week (Sunday) and then they could go forth to serve the living
God with the energy He supplies on that first day (1 Corinthians 16:2; Colossians
2:16–17). Besides, God’s people are restored physically and spiritually when we
take one day to rest and to focus on God. To observe a weekly time of rest,
mediation and worship in our fast-paced world gives us the benefit of
refreshing our spirits and resting in God.
Fifth,
the Israelites were to honor, respect, and highly prize their father and mother
so they may have a long life filled with blessings (Exodus 20:12). Proper honor
and respect in the family home became a basis for a solid social structure (see
also Deuteronomy 21:18-21; Ephesians 6:1-4). Yet, God still expected the
Israelites to love and worship Him before and above father, mother, brother and
sister (see Matthew 10:37).
Sixth,
the Israelites were not murder (Exodus 20:13). God differentiated between accidental
killings from deliberate murder. Intentional or deliberate killing resulted in capital
punishment (Exodus 21:12-14). Yet, Jesus Christ went further. Jesus Christ said
“if you are even angry with someone, you are subject to judgment! If you call
someone an idiot, you are in danger of being brought before the court. And if
you curse someone, you are in danger of the fires of hell” (Matthew 5:22, NLT).
Killing is a terrible sin, but anger is a great sin too because it also
violates God's command to love one another (Matthew 22:34-40; Mark 12:28-31;
Luke 10:25-28; Romans 13:9; Galatians 5:6, 13-14; James 2:8). Jesus Christ said
“if you are presenting a sacrifice at the altar in the Temple and you suddenly
remember that someone has something against you, leave your sacrifice there at
the altar. Go and be reconciled to that person. Then come and offer your
sacrifice to God” (Matthew 5:23-24, NLT). Jesus Christ encouraged the people to
quickly resolve any disputes and settle their differences (Matthew 5:25; see
also Proverbs 25:8-10). Anger and broken relationships hinder our relationship
with God. Jesus Christ has commanded to both love God and love people (Matthew
22:34-40). We are hypocrites if we claim to love God while hating others (1 John
4:20).
Seventh,
the Israelites were not to commit adultery (Exodus 20:14). The commandment
against adultery applied to both husbands and wives (Leviticus 20:10; Hebrews
13:4). The Old Testament law said that it is wrong for a person to have sex
with someone other than his or her spouse (Exodus 20:14). Jesus Christ said “anyone
who even looks at a woman with lust has already committed adultery with her in
his heart” (Matthew 5:28, NLT). “Those leering looks you think nobody notices —
they also corrupt” (Matthew 5:28, MSG). According to Jesus Christ, the mental
desires and fantasies to have sex with someone other than your spouse is mental
adultery and destroys marital intimacy. Even more, Jesus Christ said “that a
man who divorces his wife, unless she has been unfaithful (that is a sexually
immoral life-style), causes her to commit adultery” (Matthew 5:32, NLT). Divorce
is hurtful and destructive. God intended marriage to be a lifetime commitment
(Genesis 2:24; see also Malachi 2:15-16). God wants everyone to make every effort
to forgive, reconcile, and restore relationships (1 Corinthians 7). “Marriage
should be honored by all, and the marriage bed kept pure, for God will judge
the adulterer and all the sexually immoral” (Hebrews 13:4, NIV).
Eighth,
the Israelites were not to steal (Exodus 20:15). Stealing deprives others of
what God has entrusted to them (see Exodus 22:1-5). Ninth, the Israelites were
not to lie (Exodus 20:16). This commandment applies inside and outside the
court room. God warns us against deception, dishonesty, and deceitfulness and commands
His people to walk in all truth and moral integrity (1 Kings 2:4; Proverbs
25:18; Colossians 3:9). We must be honest with God, to other people, and to
ourselves. “For there are six things the Lord hates — no, seven: haughtiness
(pride), lying, murdering, plotting evil, eagerness to do wrong, a false
witness, sowing discord (conflict) among brothers (Proverbs 6:16-19, TLB). God
desires truth in the inward parts, which will be reflected in our outward
speech (see Psalm 51:6; Jeremiah 5:2-3). This commandment also prohibits
insulting, false rumors, and gossip (Exodus 23:1; Titus 3:1-2;; 1 Peter 2:1).
Who may climb the mountain of the Lord and enter
where He lives? Who may stand before the Lord? Only those with pure hands and
hearts, who do not practice dishonesty and lying. They will receive God’s own
goodness as their blessing from Him, planted in their lives by God Himself,
their Savior. These are the ones who are allowed to stand before the Lord and
worship the God of Jacob. Psalms 24:3-6 (The Living Bible)
Tenth,
the Israelites were not to be envious (covetous, jealous, or begrudging) of others’
houses, spouses, servants, animals, success or anything else his or her neighbor
owns (Exodus 20:17). Coveting includes envy — grudging the fact that others
have what you do not have. The other commandments concerned outward actions,
but the tenth commandment dealt with a person’s inward actions (e.g. heart
desires and thoughts). God wanted to assure the Israelites did not sin inwardly
(see James 1:13-15) and to be content with God’s provisions (Philippians 4:11;
1 Timothy 6:6). “Look, the highest heavens and the earth and everything in it
all belong to the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 10:14, NLT). Even more, Jesus
Christ warned the people to “be on your guard against all kinds of greed” (Luke
12:15, NIV). Greed is essentially desires for what we do not have or desiring to
have the possessions of others. Life is not measured by how much you own or
possession (Luke 12:15). The good life has nothing to do with our wealth or
possession because one’s life is not in the abundance of one’s possessions. A
truly good life is living in a relationship with God and doing His good work.
Possession never makes anyone happy for long.
When the people heard the thunder and the loud
blast of the ram’s horn, and when they saw the flashes of lightning and the
smoke billowing from the mountain, they stood at a distance, trembling with
fear. And they said to Moses, “You speak to us, and we will listen. But do not
let God speak directly to us, or we will die!” “Do not be afraid,” Moses
answered them, “for God has come in this way to test you, and so that your fear
of Him will keep you from sinning!” As the people stood in the distance, Moses
approached the dark cloud where God was. Exodus 20:18-21 (NLT)
After
God personally spoke His Ten Commandments, the Israelites witnessed God’s
mighty presence – the thundering, lightning, trumpet blasts, darkness, and the
smoke rising from Mount Sinai (Exodus 20:18). The Israelites stood at the base
of Mount Sinai shaking with fear and awe at the presence of God’s power and
authority (Exodus 20:18). After witness God’s mighty presence and hearing God’s
voice, the Israelites told Moses to personally speak with God and then instruct
the people with God’s instructions (Exodus 20:19). Moses told the Israelites
not to be afraid because God revealed His awesome power so they will be afraid
to sin against Him as the true God and would therefore obey Him. (Exodus
20:20). Moses entered the deep darkness and spoke to God and Moses became God’s
spokesman to the people of Israel (Exodus 20:21-22). Moses was to make known
God’s will from heaven, that is God’s instruction (commandments or law), to the
Israelites (Exodus 20:22). As to altars made to worship God, an acceptable
altar had to be simple altars made of earth or with natural uncut stones or boulders,
and without steps (to prevent indecent exposure – nakedness while climbing up
to the altar) (Exodus 20:24-26). At the altars, God would come and bless the
people (Exodus 20:24).
Apostle
Paul: So put all evil things out of your life: sexual sinning, doing evil,
letting evil thoughts control you, wanting things that are evil, and greed.
This is really serving a false god. These things make God angry. In your past,
evil life you also did these things. But now also put these things out of your
life: anger, bad temper, doing or saying things to hurt others, and using evil
words when you talk. Do not lie to each other. Colossians 3:5-9 (NCV)
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Ryrie Study
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Zondervan NIV
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Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2008.
Butler,
Trent. Holman Bible Dictionary. Broadman & Holman Pub., 1991.
Wiersbe,
Warren. With the Word Bible Commentary.
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