What Is Wisdom?

 29 God gave Solomon very great wisdom and understanding, and knowledge as vast as the sands of the seashore. 30 In fact, his wisdom exceeded that of all the wise men of the East and the wise men of Egypt. 31 He was wiser than anyone else, including Ethan the Ezrahite and the sons of  Mahol—Heman, Calcol, and Darda. His fame spread throughout all the surrounding nations. 32 He composed some 3,000 proverbs and wrote 1,005 songs. 33 He could speak with authority about all kinds of plants, from the great cedar of Lebanon to the tiny hyssop that grows from cracks in a wall. He could also speak about animals, birds, small creatures, and fish. 34 And kings from every nation sent their ambassadors to listen to the wisdom of Solomon. 1 Kings 4:29-34 (NLT)

 
We are all foolish and need wisdom, particularly when dealing with people and in the area of making life decisions. Wisdom begins with knowing, fearing, and worshipping God (Proverbs 1:7; Jeremiah 9:23-24). God is the Creator and Controller of all. Only God gives us wisdom to make right choices and decisions (1 Kings 4:29; James 1:5). Finding wisdom and meaning in life apart from God is a vain search. We must center our life on God and God’s Word to find wisdom, direction, and guidance for happy living.

Wisdom is practical and affects every aspect of our lives from beginning to end--- speech, pleasure, emotions, humility, time, general, and money. Wisdom means “hokmah”. The word “hokmah” is found at 1 Kings 4:29-34 and 1 Kings 10:1-9 when discussing King Solomon’s wisdom. These verses reveal Solomon's gift of wisdom. Solomon’s wisdom surpassed Babylon, Syria and Egypt. These nations were known for wisdom. Yet, King Solomon was described as wiser than all the other Gentile nations. Throughout most of his reign, Solomon applied his wisdom well when he diligently and wholeheartedly sought God. Queen of Sheba came to visit Solomon and witnessed Solomon’s vast wisdom (1 Kings 10:1-9). 
 

Jesus said: 42 “The queen of Sheba will also stand up against this generation on judgment day and condemn it, for she came from a distant land to hear the wisdom of Solomon. Now Someone greater than Solomon is here. . . .”  Matthew 12:42 (NLT)

 
Solomon is famous for much more than wisdom preserved in Proverbs. The book of Proverbs records many of Solomon’s 3,000 wise proverbs. Other writings of Solomon include Psalms 72 and Psalm 127, and the books of Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs. Solomon's wisdom was known throughout the world. Yet, Jesus’ wisdom surpasses Solomon’s vast wisdom (Matthew 12:42). Jesus is the true wisdom of God (1 Corinthians 1:24) in whom everyone can find true wisdom (Colossians 2:3). A life of wisdom is centered on faithfully trusting and following Jesus (1 Corinthians 1:18-25, 30-31) and obeying the Holy Bible’s teachings (Ecclesiastes 12:13; Colossians 3:16; 2 Timothy 3:14-16).
 
What Was Solomon’s Wisdom? 
 
Solomon’s wisdom is similar to “master of all trades” and the word “hokmah” describes Solomon’s wisdom. Solomon’s wisdom is prosperity, justice and righteousness. Solomon’s administration (1 Kings 4:1-28), his discretion and skill (1 Kings 3:12; 1 Kings 5:1-9), his building projects (1 Kings 5:10–7:51), and his business dealings (9:18, 26-28; 10:15-29) all demonstrated his wisdom. Solomon gathered vast knowledge (1 Kings 4:29-33) and wrote proverbs (the book of Proverbs), songs (Psalm 72, Psalm 127), love poetry (the Song of Songs), and philosophical literature (Ecclesiastes). Solomon also was a man of literature and fine art. Thus, Solomon’s wisdom consisted of highly level of arts, literature, music, and poetry. Even more, Solomon had wisdom regarding life science, plant life, trees, plant species or botany. Also, Solomon displayed wisdom regarding animals or zoology. So, Solomon was also a naturalists or scientists. The Holy Bible also described Solomon as a teacher and builder. Finally, Solomon is described as a man of justice with the ability to discern right from wrong and sort out the truth. 
 
Also, other Bible verses describe the word “hokmah” as meaning skilled, abled, or capable. Proverbs 30:24-28 discusses the ants, the coneys (badger), locust, and lizards as wise examples of hokmah. These animals are “capable.” Moreover, Exodus 35:25 discusses “skilled” or “ability” as hokmah. Ezekiel 27:8 also discussed wisdom as meaning “skilled” when describing Gentile (non-Jewish) ship builders. Furthermore, Proverbs 8:12-21 describes wisdom as “knowledge” and “discretion.”  Lady wisdom of Proverbs 8:15-16 gives one the skill to govern and rule with justice and equity to make just laws for human life. 
 
Wisdom is closely connected to truth, righteousness, and justice and not intellect or a high IQ. True wisdom hates deception, dishonesty and fraud. Deuteronomy 4:3-8 provides that wisdom in the highest sense is one skilled in living a righteous life before God. Learning to live a righteous life before God means obedience to God’s commandments that helps one develop wisdom. God’s commandments are exemplified most famously in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1-17; Deuteronomy 5:6-21) and most concisely in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-6). These commandments are the heart of God's law and they are still applicable today. All other laws of God are interpretations and applications of these primary commandments. Jesus also encouraged His disciples to obey the Ten Commandments and the demands of the Shema (Matthew 22:34-40; Mark 12:28-31; John 13:34-35). These commandments do not bring eternal life and salvation (Ephesians 2:8-10) but they are an expression of our commitment, worship, and love to God the Father and His Son Jesus (Matthew 5:17-19; John 14:15-21). In essence, obedience to God’s Word is wisdom (see also Deuteronomy 10:12-13; Proverbs 1:1-7). Thus, wisdom means the ability to make right choices. Moreover, wisdom applies to large skills such as governing a nation and pleasing God by living a righteous life as well as small skills such as preparing your meals in the summer for the coming winter.
 
How Do You Get Wisdom?
 
Wisdom does not come by polls, surveys, or statistics. Wisdom is a gift that comes from God (1 Kings 3:5-6). While education comes at great expense, God gives wisdom and understanding freely to all who ask (see James 1:5). Solomon became wisdom through asking and seeking God (1 Kings 3:4-15; 2 Chronicles 1:2-13). Solomon met God in a dream. God had to give Solomon wisdom first. So, Solomon was first of all given wisdom by God and then he was able to study plants, animals, write literature and proverbs. Moreover, Joseph was also given wisdom from God (Genesis 41:33, 38). God’s Spirit lived with Joseph as he knew and trusted God. Also, Daniel was given wisdom by God (Daniel 1:17; Daniel 2:20).  Exodus 31:1-11 reveals God gave Bezalel and Oholiab Spirit-filled wisdom in artistic craftsmanship to build God’s Tabernacle. Therefore, only God gives true wisdom, and we must depend upon Him for this lasting wisdom. 
 
Bookstores are filled with “how-to-books” on success and knowledge. Yet, true wisdom cannot be found by any amount of searching nor can wisdom be purchased (Job 28:1-19). Only God has wisdom (Job 28:23-28) and wisdom can never be separated from the true and living God. Wisdom starts with the fear of God and leads to knowledge of Him. The “fear of God” does not mean fright or terror. Instead, the fear of God means a good and close relationship with Him based upon reverence and respect for Him and His commands. In essence, the fear of God is righteous living. 
 
God’s wisdom is more precious than any metals, gemstones, or glass. Wisdom has been with God from the beginning of creation (Proverbs 8:22-31). True wisdom begins and ends with the knowing, fearing, and worshipping God (Job 28:20-27; Psalm 111:10; Proverbs 1:7; Proverbs 9:10; Jeremiah 9:23-24; Romans 1:21-23) and obeying and studying His Word (Deuteronomy 4:3-8). According Romans 1:21-23, we must not only know God but also worship Him as the Creator and Sustainer of all and not worship idols. Job 28:28 declares that fearing God and shunning evil is the beginning of wisdom (see also Ecclesiastes 12:13-14).
 
True Wisdom
 
Today, becoming a follower of Jesus is the beginning of wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:24, 30). In Jesus are hidden all God’s treasures of wisdom and knowledge (Colossian 2:3). Only Jesus has fully fulfilled and obeyed God’s commandments. Following and abiding with Jesus makes one wise as He changes our hearts and makes us new (John 15:1-10; see also 2 Corinthians 5:17, 21). Fundamentally, all the beautiful qualities of wisdom are revealed in Jesus, and Jesus’ life is a pattern for everyone to follow who wants and seeks God’s wisdom (1 John 2:6; James 3:13-18).
 
In our modern day, everyone wants to be wise. James 3:13-18 explains true wisdom and false wisdom.  True wisdom means pure, peace-loving, mercy, considerate, submissive, full of mercy, impartial and sincere. But evil wisdom stirs up strife, envy, boastful, and self-ambition. In the book of Daniel, Daniel had God’s wisdom while other men of Babylonian only claimed to be wise, but these Babylonian’s wisdom proved to be useless. Also, Egyptian magicians claimed to be wise but their wisdom was also futile against God’s wisdom given to Moses. Ultimately, all human and man-made wisdom fails. “There is more hope for fools than for people who think they are wise” (Proverbs 26:12 NLT). 
 
We must seek and worship the true God as the center of the universe and not selfish ambitions. God must take first place of worship. Only God through Jesus gives true wisdom. Wholeheartedly following Jesus and His pure teaching with thanksgiving protect us from dishonest, worldly, and fraudulent wisdom (Colossians 2:6-8).
 

3 In Him (Jesus Christ) lie hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. 4 I am telling you this so no one will deceive you with well-crafted arguments . . . . 6 And now, just as you accepted Christ Jesus as your Lord, you must continue to follow Him. 7 Let your roots grow down into Him, and let your lives be built on Him. Then your faith will grow strong in the truth you were taught, and you will overflow with thankfulness. 8 Do not let anyone capture you with empty philosophies and high-sounding nonsense that come from human thinking and from the spiritual powers of this world, rather than from Christ. 9 For in Christ lives all the fullness of God in a human body. Colossians 2:3-4, 6-9 (NLT)

 
References:
Life Application Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2005.
NLT Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2008.
New Student Bible. New York, NY: Zondervan, 1992.
Zondervan NIV Study Bible. New York: Zondervan, 2008.
Schwab, George. The Book of Proverbs: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2009.

 

Knowing God

23 This is what the Lord says: “Do not let the wise boast (brag) in their wisdom, or the powerful boast in their power, or the rich boast in their riches (money). 24 But those who wish to boast should boast in this alone: that they truly know Me and understand that I am the Lord who demonstrates unfailing love (kindness and mercy) and who brings justice and righteousness to the earth, and that I delight in these things.” Jeremiah 9:23-24 (NLT)

Jeremiah 9:23-24 is a beautiful poem on true wisdom. This wisdom comes from knowing God. Wisdom does not mean educated, intelligent, or rich. No amount of intellect or wealth can bring wisdom. True wisdom only comes from knowing and understanding God and obeying His ways (Jeremiah 9:23–10:25). If you know God, then you have the most precious jewel and greatest wealth in the entire universe (Proverbs 1:7).  “Wisdom begins with respect for the Lord, and understanding begins with knowing the Holy One” (Proverbs 9:10 NCV).

The goal of life is knowledge and obedience of God (Ecclesiastes 12:13-14). To know God means to discover His qualities and develop a close, intimate, and personal relationship with Him from our hearts (Deuteronomy 6:4-6). God delights in a pure heart committed to wholeheartedly loving, knowing, and obeying Him (Matthew 5:8; see also Deuteronomy 10:12-17 and I Corinthians 7:19). God is filled with loving-kindness, fairness, justice, faithfulness, and righteousness (Exodus 34:6-7). God wants everyone to do the same. The lives of those who know God will reflect His qualities: loving-kindness, fairness, justice, faithfulness, and righteousness.

Knowing God and finding wisdom start with faith in Jesus Christ (Matthew 11:29; John 3:16, 26). In Jesus Christ are hidden all God’s treasures of wisdom and knowledge (Colossian 2:3). King Solomon was the wisest person who ever lived, and yet Jesus Christ is "greater than Solomon" in all wisdom and wealth (Matthew 12:42). Jesus Christ is the new Solomon, speaking wise words to the people, especially in His parables (Matthew 13). For our benefits, God has made Jesus Christ wisdom for His people so that we can live a life of holiness, righteousness, and redemption (1 Corinthians 1:30). For God’s people today, Jesus Christ is our wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:24, 30).

Following and abiding with Jesus Christ makes us wise as He changes our hearts and makes us new (John 15:1-10; see also 2 Corinthians 5:17, 21). God gives Jesus Christ's wisdom generously to all who seek Him in Jesus Christ (see Proverbs 2:1-10; James 1:5). In essence, all the beautiful qualities of wisdom are revealed in Jesus Christ, and Jesus Christ’s life is a pattern for everyone to follow (1 John 2:6; see also Deuteronomy 4:5-8; James 3:13-18). Knowing and obeying God found in Jesus Christ makes one wise indeed (Psalm 111:10).

References:
Life Application Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2005.
NLT Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2008.
Schwab, George. The Book of Proverbs: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2009.
Wiersbe, Warren W. Bible Exposition Commentary. Victor Books, 1989.
 

True Wisdom

13 If you are wise and understand God’s ways, prove it by living an honorable life, doing good works with the humility that comes from wisdom. 14 But if you are bitterly jealous and there is selfish ambition in your heart, don’t cover up the truth with boasting and lying. 15 For jealousy and selfishness are not God’s kind of wisdom. Such things are earthly, unspiritual, and demonic. 16 For wherever there is jealousy and selfish ambition, there you will find disorder (confusion) and evil of every kind. 17 But the wisdom from above is first of all pure. It is also peace loving (peacemaker), gentle at all times, and willing to yield to others. It is full of mercy and good deeds. It shows no favoritism (without partiality) and is always sincere (without hypocrisy). 18 And those who are peacemakers will plant seeds of peace and reap a harvest of righteousness. James 3:13-18 (NLT).

Today, everyone has an opinion, view, or belief. With social media and the widespread use of the internet, various ideas and philosophies are running rampant. But, are these many thoughts and opinions wise or even genuine? 

True wisdom begins with God and always has God’s Word at the center. To get your wisdom or beliefs from any other source is speculative and to ask for trouble. True wisdom is not simply intellect or the collection of information but practical insight (see Proverbs 1:2; James 1:5; James 3:13-18). Knowledge or intelligence is not enough. We must have godly wisdom to use that knowledge and information correctly. Wisdom is the correct use of knowledge. True wisdom allows us to use our knowledge as it relates to God's truths for happy daily life. 

Moreover, the Holy Scripture teaches that true wisdom means wise character. True wisdom always reveals itself with good conduct and humility because God’s Spirit is working within their hearts (Hebrews 4:12). Just as we can recognize a tree by the tree’s fruit, we can also evaluate a person’s true philosophies and beliefs by the way they act. Godly wisdom always expresses itself in moral uprightness, peace, and love (James 3:17-18; see also Job 28:28; Proverbs 1:2-4; Proverbs 2:10-15). True wisdom is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, reasonable, full of mercy, good, impartial, and without hypocrisy. 

True wisdom can never be associated with jealousy and selfish ambition. Jealous, self-centeredness, lies, arguing, and swaggering (bragging) are inspired by evil, earthy, and unspiritual philosophies (James 3:14-15; see also 1 Corinthians 2:14; Jude 1:19). Man-made or false wisdom is filled with envy, strife, lusts, boasting, self-seeking, deceit, competition, confusion, prejudice, scheming, and deception (see also Galatians 5:16-21). Often times, this earthy wisdom leads rivalry and war (James 4:1-2). Even worse, man-made wisdom is self-promotion and human glorification. The Holy Scriptures are clear that only God gets the full glory, honor, and praise (1 Corinthians 1:31; see also Jeremiah 9:24). For where envy, mean-spirited ambition, and self-seeking exist, confusion and every evil thing are there (1 Timothy 4:1-2).

We are judged not by what we accomplish but by our character and actions. A leader may have grand accomplishments but still live a loveless, bitter, and self-centered life. But if a person’s heart is pure, godly behavior will always follow and good leadership will be revealed. A heart fully committed to God produces pure beliefs and conduct. Godly wisdom is productive; earthly wisdom brings confusion and tears down through evil intent. Moreover, true wisdom or God's wisdom begins with a holy life, characterized by getting along with others, and overflows with mercy. This kind of wisdom is always fair, honest, good, and ready to help others. By analyzing the source, intent, and results of wisdom, we can discover whether or not this philosophy it is worthy of acceptance. 

Jesus Christ is the “wisdom from God” (1 Corinthians 1:24-30). In Jesus Christ, we find “all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge” (Colossians 2:3 NLT). So, the first step toward true wisdom is the receiving of Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. Moreover, God’s Holy Spirit brings "the Spirit of wisdom and revelation" (Ephesians 1:17). The Holy Spirit directs our paths to select goodness and not evil. God generously give His Holy Spirit to everyone who turn to Him as found in Jesus Christ (John chapters 14, 15, and 16). Furthermore, obeying God’s Holy Scriptures brings our wisdom. “Look, I now teach you these decrees and regulations . . . . Obey them completely, and you will display your wisdom and intelligence among the surrounding nations” (Deuteronomy 4:5-6 NLT). In essence, God’s Holy Word makes us “wise” (2 Timothy 3:15). “Happy is the person who finds wisdom, the one who gets understanding. Wisdom is worth more than silver; it brings more profit than gold. Wisdom is more precious than rubies; nothing you could want is equal to it” (Proverbs 3:13-15 NCV). “Wisdom is the most important thing; so get wisdom. If it costs everything you have, get understanding. Treasure wisdom, and it will make you great; hold on to it, and it will bring you honor” (Proverbs 4:7-8 NCV). “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, and knowledge of the Holy One is understanding” (Proverbs 9:10 NIV). James 1:5 indicates that we find wisdom through believing prayer. “If you need wisdom, ask our generous God, and He will give it to you” (James 1:5 NLT). 

In essence, true wisdom means living an honorable life as evidenced by good character and humility. Wisdom has to do with our behavior rather than human intelligence.  A lifestyle of pride, selfishness, and rivalry is really nothing but superficial and man-made wisdom. This wrong thinking produces wrong living. Where there is jealous, envy, rivalry, hypocrisy and such there will also be confusion and all sorts of evil practices. True wisdom is pure, then peace-loving, courteous, considerate, reasonable, and honest. God's wisdom leads to peace and God loves peacemakers (Matthew 5:9). So, get your wisdom from God because man-made or earthy wisdom ultimately leads to self-destruction (1 Corinthians 1:20-21).

References:
Believer’s Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1995.
Life Application Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2005.
NLT Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2008.
Spirit Filled Life Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1991.
The Amplified Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1987.
Wiersbe, Warren W. Bible Exposition Commentary. Victor Books, 1989.
Wiersbe, Warren. With the Word Bible Commentary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1991.
Woman’s Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1995.
Zondervan NIV Study Bible. New York: Zondervan, 2008.

God Explained

5 O Lord, You are so good (kind), so ready to forgive, so full of unfailing (abundant) love for all who ask for Your help. . . . 11 Teach me Your ways, O Lord, that I may live according to Your truth! Grant me purity of heart, so that I may honor You. . . . 15 But You, O Lord, are a God of compassion and mercy, slow to get angry and filled with unfailing (abundant) love and faithfulness. Psalms 86:5, 11, 15 (NLT)  

God is celebrated as good, forgiving, and generous to all who ask for His help (Psalm 86:5). He is so freely willing to forgive our sins and failures as we genuinely confess our sins to Him (Psalm 32:5). God is full of abundant love (1 John 4:9, 16), mercy (Psalm 51:1), grace (Psalm 25:6), patience (Nehemiah 9:17), and truth (Psalm 86:15). Even more, God is compassionate (Joel 2:13), always faithful (Deuteronomy 7:9), and forgiving (Romans 3:25; see also Psalm 103:8; Psalm 145:8). The Holy Scriptures tells of God’s continually goodness and blessings from generation to generation (see e.g. Exodus 34:6-7; Numbers 14:18; Nehemiah 9:17; Joel 2:13; Jonah 4:2). The apostle Paul teaches us that knowing these features of God should lead everyone to genuine repentance and faithfulness to God (Romans 2:4). 

God is faithful and His love is amazing (Deuteronomy 7:9; Psalm 107; Isaiah 54:10). The love of God is higher than any skies (Psalm 108:4). God’s presence is with us everywhere we go (Matthew 28:20). If we will call upon Him, our great God will deliver us from all our problems. No problem is too great for God. Whether homelessness or starvation (Psalm 107:4-5), imprisonment (Psalm 107:10-12), self-inflicted disease (Psalm 17-18), and imminent ruin (Psalm 107:23-27), God is able to rescue those who call upon Him for help. God is mighty to save (Zephaniah 3:17).

God wants everyone to love, cherish, and trust Him with their heart and mind. A godly heart is a humble heart that loves God first and is faithful to Him.  (Deuteronomy 6:4-5; Deuteronomy 10:12; James 4:7-8). A divided heart that does not trust the true and living God leads only to insecurity (James 1:5–8). In the Bible, the “heart” means the whole person and not just emotions. The heart is the center of the human spirit, from which springs our emotions, thoughts, motivations, courage, and action – the wellspring of life (Proverbs 4:23). God wants our whole heart and first allegiance to Him. In other words, God desires an intimate devotion to Him like a loyal bride for her groom (Deuteronomy 6:4-6; Jeremiah 2:2; Revelation 2:4). In essence, God desires our most intimate degree of loyalty, love, and faithfulness that can exist between two people to be for Him first. 

All the more, God wants everyone to commit to a lifestyle of ethical integrity by living according to His ways and truth (Deuteronomy 5:1-22; Deuteronomy 11; Psalm 25:4; Psalm 27:11; Psalm 119:33; Matthew 22:34-40). What good would come if God helped us in time of need but abandoned us to continue to live a life of sin and waywardness? God wants everyone to be protected from outward attacks and inward attacks to our hearts from sin, evil, and naughtiness (Psalm 51:7, 10; Psalm 73:1). Finally, God wants us to imitate His love, forgiveness, and mercy to others (John 13:35; Ephesians 5:1-2). God does not want to take the FUN out of life. Instead, God wants to protect us from the destruction and harm that comes with living a lifestyle of sin and evil. With sin come God’s wrath, sadness, and destruction. But God’s grace comes to all who lives holy lives and trusts in Him.

References:
KJV Bible Commentary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1994.
Life Application Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House, 2005.
New Student Bible. New York, NY: Zondervan, 1992.
NLT Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House, 2008.
Wiersbe, Warren W. Bible Exposition Commentary. Victor Books, 1989.
Wiersbe, Warren W. With the Word Bible Commentary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1991.
Zondervan NIV Study Bible. New York, NY: Zondervan, 2008.

Jesus’ Second Coming

60 Then the high priest stood up before the others and asked Jesus, “Well, aren’t You going to answer these charges? What do You have to say for Yourself?” 61 But Jesus was silent and made no reply. Then the high priest asked Him, “Are you the Messiah (the Christ), the Son of the Blessed One (God)?” 62 Jesus said, “I AM (Exodus 3:14). And you will see the Son of Man seated in the place of power at God’s right hand (Psalm 110:1) and coming on the clouds of heaven (Daniel 7:13).” Mark 14:60-62 (NLT) see parallel references at Matthew 26:63-64 and Luke 22:67-69.

 

As Jesus prayed in the Garden of Gethsemane, He was falsely accused and then arrested. Jesus' first trial began at the home of Caiaphas, the high priest. This trial was a mockery of God’s true justice system. Caiaphas asked Jesus two questions. To the first question, Jesus remained silent, calm, and courageous. Then, Caiaphas asked Jesus a second question and this time Jesus boldly declared His true identity and mission to the people. Jesus declared He was God, the “I AM” (Exodus 3:14; Mark 6:49-50) and stated He is the Messiah (the Christ or Son of Man) (see also Mark 1:1). Jesus declared a powerful role reversal. One day, Jesus would return as the Son of Man on the clouds of heaven to judge the world (Matthew 24:30; see also Daniel 7:13-14; Revelation 1:7; Revelation 20:11-13). The clouds of heaven portray Jesus as Divine. Throughout the Holy Bible, clouds represent God’s glory, majesty, and active presence (see e.g., Exodus 16:10; Exodus 19:9, 16; Daniel 7:13-14). In fact, God's glory appeared in a cloud at the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:9). 

During Jesus’ public ministry, Jesus concealed and hid His identity as the Messiah and God’s true Son. However, God the Father knew Jesus’ identity (Mark 1:11; Mark 9:7), Jesus’ disciples knew Jesus was indeed the Messiah (Mark 8:28-30), and evil know Jesus’ true identity (Mark 1:24; Mark 3:11; Mark 5:7). At the trial with Caiaphas, Jesus publicly announced for the first time that He was indeed the Messiah and the Son of God (Mark 14:60-62). Jesus goes on to announce that He would sit in the place of power at God’s right hand (Psalm 110:1; see also Acts 2:33-36). God’s right hand represents Jesus’ authority, power, and benefits. Though He would be falsely accused and crucified, Jesus told the world of His coming resurrection from complete death and return to heaven with God. Even more, Jesus declared to the world that one day He would return in His full glory on the clouds of heaven to judge the world (see also Isaiah 26:21; 2 Thessalonians 1:7-10). 

Jesus’ second coming to earth is referred to as the Blessed Hope (Titus 2:13). In the upper room with His disciples, Jesus told them He was going away but He would come again one day (see e.g., Matthew chapters 24 and 25; Mark 8:38; Mark chapter 13; Mark 14:25, 60-62; John 14:1-3). At Jesus’ rise into heaven, the two angels standing with Jesus’ disciples also declared that Jesus would return (Acts 1:11). The Holy Scriptures clearly state that Jesus will return to earth (see e.g., Isaiah 26:21; Micah 1:3; Zechariah 14:4, 9 16; Philippians 1:6, 10; 1 Thessalonians 4:13-5:11; 2 Thessalonians 2:2; 2 Timothy 4:1, 8). Jesus’ second coming will be visible, triumphant, and glorious (Matthew 24:27, 30, 44; Acts 1:11; 2 Thessalonians 1:10; Revelation 1:7), but also sudden and unexpected (1 Thessalonians 5:2). At His second coming, Jesus will come down from the clouds of heaven just as He ascended into the clouds of heaven after His death and resurrection (Acts 1:8-11). The apostle Paul also teaches that Jesus’ second coming will be signaled by a trumpet fanfare, a shout, and the voice of God’s angels (1 Thessalonians 4:16-17; see also Matthew 24:27-31).

Nevertheless, God wants everyone to use Jesus’ second coming as a motivation to do good works, remain holy, and share God’s message of love (Matthew 25:14-30; John 13:34-35; 1 Thessalonians 3:13; 1 John 3:3). God wants everyone to be ready for Jesus’ sudden return (1Thessalonians 5:2), not standing around "looking into the sky." While patiently waiting for Jesus’ second coming, the apostle Paul encouraged people to work hard, share God’s love to others with good deeds, love God with our whole hearts, and flee sinful choices (Titus 2:12-14). 

The exact time of Jesus’ second coming has been speculated for years by biblical and non-biblical scholars. However, NO ONE knows the date and time of Jesus’ second coming. Neither Jesus nor the heavenly angels know the date of Jesus’ second coming. Only God the Father knows this precise and sudden date (Matthew 24:36; Mark 13:32-37; Acts 1:6-7; 1 Thessalonians 5:1-11; 2 Peter 3:4-12). We should not speculate about the date of Jesus’ coming (Mark 13:32; Acts 1:7). God is sovereign and He wants everyone to come to Jesus to find God’s love and salvation (2 Peter 3). Jesus’ second coming will be sudden and swift (Matthew 24:40-42).

As we wait, God wants everyone to live patient, loving, and honorable lives as we reveal God’s love and mercy to the world and flee evil (Galatians 5:22-23; James 2:8, 13; James 4:7-9; 2 Peter 3:11-12; 1 John 4:7-21). God’s purpose in telling of Jesus’ return is to stimulate hope and not predictions and calculations about the date (Matthew 24:44). Like Job and the prophet Elijah, we must practice faith, patience, humility, perseverance, and continual prayer while waiting on Jesus’ return (James 4:10; James 5:11-17). Even more, we are to love one another and worship God as we wait and not live recklessly — sitting and waiting, doing nothing (Matthew 22:34-40). When Jesus does return, He will reward all of God’s faithful children (Jews and Gentiles) with eternal life, everlasting joy, and peace (1 Thessalonians 4:13-18; Revelation 21:4-5).  

References
Life Application Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2005.
NLT Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2008.
Zondervan NIV Study Bible. New York: Zondervan, 2008.
Packer, J. I. Concise Theology. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 1993.
Butler, Trent C. Holman Bible Dictionary. Holman Bible Publishers, 1991.
 

God Is Great!

1 I will exalt you, my God and King, and praise Your Name forever and ever. 2 I will praise You every day; yes, I will praise You forever. 3 Great is the Lord! He is most worthy of praise! No one can measure His greatness. 4 Let each generation tell its children of Your mighty acts; let them proclaim Your power. 5 I will meditate on Your majestic, glorious splendor and Your wonderful miracles. 6 Your awe-inspiring deeds will be on every tongue; I will proclaim Your greatness. 7 Everyone will share the story of Your wonderful goodness; they will sing with joy about Your righteousness. 8 The Lord is merciful and compassionate, slow to get angry and filled with unfailing love (see also Exodus 34:6-7). 9 The Lord is good to everyone. He showers compassion on all His creation. 10 All of Your works will thank You, Lord, and Your faithful followers will praise You. 11 They will speak of the glory of Your kingdom; they will give examples of Your power. 12 They will tell about Your mighty deeds and about the majesty and glory of Your reign. 13 For Your kingdom is an everlasting kingdom. You rule throughout all generations. The Lord always keeps His promises; He is gracious in all He does. 14 The Lord helps the fallen and lifts those bent beneath their loads. 15 The eyes of all look to You in hope; You give them their food as they need it. 16 When You open Your hand, You satisfy the hunger and thirst of every living thing. 17 The Lord is righteous in everything He does; He is filled with kindness. 18 The Lord is close to all who call on Him, yes, to all who call on Him in truth (sincerely, genuinely). 19 He grants the desires of those who fear Him; He hears their cries for help and rescues them. 20 The Lord protects all those who love Him, but He destroys the wicked. 21 I will praise the Lord, and may everyone on earth bless His Holy Name forever and ever. Psalms 145:1-21 (NLT).

Psalm 145 gives a wonderful description of the true and living God. God is great (Psalm 145:3). He is full of love, mercy, and compassion (Psalm 145:8, 17; see also Exodus 34:6–7; Numbers 14:18; Jonah 4:2 and Nehemiah 9:17). No matter what bad things we may have done in the past, God is always ready to receive us with open arms and forgiveness (see also Isaiah 65:1-2; see also Luke 15:11-32). All we need to do is simply come to God and turn from sin!  If you have trouble turning from sin, humbly ask God to help you turn from your sins and despair (Acts 2:21). The true and living God is faithful to help you. 

Sometimes our burdens and troubles seem too hard to bear. But God tells us to come to Him as the Great Burden Bearer (Psalm 145:14; see also Matthew 11:28-30). God will carry our burdens and lift us up as He is faithful to rely upon. If you are sad and discouraged, God will bring you comfort and encouragement (2 Corinthians 1:3–4). We can cast all our cares and burdens upon God, because God cares and loves us (1 Peter 5:7; see also Psalm 104:27-28 and Matthew 6:26). God is truly He is mighty to save (Zephaniah 3:17). 

God is so great and kind (Psalm 145:3, 17) and He knows our every need (Matthew 6:25-34). His greatness and goodness continues from generation to generation (Psalm 145:4, 8-9) as He rules from everlasting to everlasting (Psalm 145:13; see also I Timothy 1:17). Also, God is mighty, glorious, and majesty (Psalm 145:5) and filled with awesome works (Psalm 145:5-6). Moreover, God is righteous (Psalm 145:7), patient, and loving (Psalm 145:8-9). He supplies all our daily needs (Psalm 145:15-16; see also Philippians 4:19-20). God is so good and we can always trust the faithfulness of God. God’s goodness extends to all people (Psalm 145:9; see also Matthew 5:45) and He is near to “all who call upon Him” (Psalm 145:18; see also Deuteronomy 4:7). 

So, if you have a need, humbly call upon God with all honor, love, and truth (Psalm 145:18). God always hears our genuine cries for help (Psalm 145:19-20). If you stumble, God will help you up (Psalm 145:14). If you are hungry, God will feed you (Psalm 145:15–16). If you call, God draws near you (Psalm 145:18). God is the ultimate source for all our needs and desires. One day the world will recognize God and worship Him. Who could not worship our great and living God with these magnificent features?

1 The Lord says, “I was ready to respond, but no one asked for help. I was ready to be found, but no one was looking for Me. I said, ‘Here I am, here I am!’ . . . . 2 All day long I opened my arms to a rebellious people. But they follow their own evil paths and their own crooked schemes. . . . 24 I will answer them before they even call to Me. While they are still talking about their needs, I will go ahead and answer their prayers! Isaiah 65:1-2, 24 (NLT)

References:
KJV Bible Commentary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1994.
Life Application Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2005.
Spirit Filled Life Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1991.
Wiersbe, Warren W. Bible Exposition Commentary. Victor Books, 1989.
Word in Life Study Bible. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1996.

Why Does God Allow Evil And Injustice?

Why does a holy God allow evil and injustice? This question has been asked for centuries. Even the prophet Habakkuk from the Old Testament asked God this very same question. “Why do You allow injustice?” Habakkuk asked God. “Why do You tolerate evil?” The prophet saw injustice, violence and evil in the world and the wicked seem to be winning (Habakkuk 1:2-4; see also the book of Job and Psalm 73). Yet, God remained silent, invisible and did not intervene. Why did not God answer Habakkuk’s questions and cry for help?

Habakkuk’s questions rings in the hearts of all God-fearing people. The book of Habakkuk does not offer any easy answers to the problem of evil and injustice in the world. God did answer Habakkuk but not in the way Habakkuk had anticipated. Whether or not the prophet Habakkuk understood God’s answer and ways, Habakkuk learned he could wholeheartedly trust God and live by faith. In fact, the prophet Habakkuk gives everyone sound reasons to trust in the supreme, holy, and fair God. God ultimately brings justice to His world.

The Holy Bible does not give much background information about Habakkuk. Habakkuk was a prophet of Judah and a contemporary of the prophets Nahum, Zephaniah, and Jeremiah, during the reigns of good King Josiah (640-609 BC) and evil King Jehoiakim (609-598 BC). The prophet Habakkuk may have witnessed the decline and fall of the Assyrian empire and the rise of the Babylonian kingdom near the end of 600 BC.

The name “Habakkuk” is not a typical Hebrew name and occurs only two times in the Old Testament (Habakkuk 1:1; Habakkuk 3:1). The prophet’s name means "to embrace" or "to wrestle." In the book of Habakkuk, the prophet does both by embracing and wrestling with God. Habakkuk’s prophecy is a record of his wrestling with God on behalf of God’s people. Further, Habakkuk embraced God by faith (Habakkuk 2:4; Habakkuk 3). The musical psalm in Habakkuk 3 suggests that Habakkuk may have been a Temple musician or singer as a member of the Levitical family. The prophet's famous statement "The just shall live by his faith" (Habakkuk 2:4) is quoted three times in the New Testament (Romans 1:17; Galatians 3:11; Hebrews 10:38).

During the time of his ministry, Habakkuk saw wickedness, cruelty, and injustice all around him (Habakkuk 1:2-4). Not only did the prophet see wickedness and evil from God’s people of Judah (Israel’s southern kingdom) but also from the Gentile nations of Babylon and Assyria empires. So, evil, violence, and corruption ran rampant in Israel and the Gentile world. Even more, the people were embedded in idol worship and not faithfulness to the true and living God.  Even in the courts, morality and justice were no longer existence among the people as the leaders oppressed the poor, the weak, and the powerless.

The book of Habakkuk takes the form of a discussion or dialogue between God and the prophet. Seeing the evil, badness, and unfairness, Habakkuk had an open and honest talk with God. Habakkuk could not understand why God seemed to ignore sin and evil in the world. Habakkuk felt God was not listening to him, despite his repeated cries and prayers for answers.

Eventually, God did answer Habakkuk. God’s first answer to Habakkuk is that He would punish Judah’s sin by rising up the Babylonians to judge Judah and punish Assyria (Habakkuk 1:5-11). This answer from God did not satisfy Habakkuk because Babylon was just as evil, cruel, and ruthless as Judah and Assyria (Habakkuk 1:12–2:1). How could God, who is “too pure to look on evil” (Habakkuk 1:13), appoint the cruel Babylonians “to execute judgment” (Habakkuk 1:12). Moreover, God answered Habakkuk that He would also punish Babylon for their sins, pride, and violence (Habakkuk 2:2-5). Babylon also failed to maintain God’s standards of faith and morality and warranted God’s divine punishment (Habakkuk 2:6-20). The Babylonians worshipped their military strength and not God (Habakkuk 1:16). Although Habakkuk did not live to see, Babylon was destroyed.

God reveals two truths to the prophet Habakkuk. First, evil, corruption, and wickedness may dominate the earth but will NEVER win and ultimately be defeated! Moreover, God reveals to Habakkuk His character. God may be silent for a time but not forever. “The earth will be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea” (Habakkuk 2:14). In essence, God’s glory will fill the earth. In the meantime, God’s people must live by faith in God and have confidence that God is doing what is right.

There is a curious passage in the Talmud (the body of Jewish civil and religious law) which says that Moses gave six hundred laws to the ancient Israelites. As these laws or commands might prove too numerous to commit to memory, King David brought them down to eleven in Psalm 15. The prophet Isaiah reduced these eleven to six at Isaiah 33:15. The prophet Micah further reduced the commands to three at Micah 6:8. The prophet Isaiah once more brought them down to two at Isaiah 56:1. These two command the prophet Amos reduced to one (Amos 5:4). However, lest it might be supposed from this that God could be found only in the fulfillment of the Law, the prophet Habakkuk said, “The just shall live by his faith” (Habakkuk 2:4). See William H. Saulez, The Romance of the Hebrew Language (Classic Reprint), originally published 1913 and reprinted 2012.

The final chapter of Habakkuk involves the prophet’s prayer and praise to God. Habakkuk’s spiritual journey begins with honest doubts and frustration and ends with one of the most beautiful songs in the Holy Bible. The prophet declares that even if God sends suffering and loss, he would still rejoice and trust in God his Savior (Habakkuk 3:18-19; see also Psalm 46:1-5). Habakkuk “saw” the powerful glory of God as well as God’s sovereignty and goodness. The prophet gained strength to endure trials and wait on God in the midst of trouble. No matter how hard and desperate life might become, Habakkuk knew he could wholeheartedly trust in God and “live by faith.” In the end, Habakkuk rested in God and worshipped.

Habakkuk:  2 Lord, I have heard the news about You; I am amazed at what You have done. . . . 17 Fig trees may not grow figs, and there may be no grapes on the vines. There may be no olives growing and no food growing in the fields. There may be no sheep in the pens and no cattle in the barns. 18 But I will still be glad in the Lord; I will rejoice in God my Savior. 19 The Lord God is my strength. He makes me like a deer that does not stumble so I can walk on the steep mountains. Habakkuk 3:2, 17-19 (New Century Version)

Habakkuk’s spiritual journey is similar to that of most people that struggle to understand the ways of God. When violence, evil, and corruption prevail, God’s people often question God’s power, holiness, and goodness and whether God is really in control. Habakkuk’s questions to God help us understand that God does not rebuke or punish such questions when these questions come to Him in prayer from an honest and concerned heart (see also Hanna’s prayer for a son at 1 Samuel 1:9-18). Some people believe that we should never question the ways of God. Some even feel that such questions borders on sin to ask God, “Why?” The book of Habakkuk teaches that we can also bring our genuine complaints and questions to God. In fact, the prayer for help and understanding in the Holy Bible often demonstrates trust in God (e.g., see Psalm 73; Psalm 102:1-2; Psalm 145:18; Isaiah 65:24). God’s people need to always approach God first and share their concerns and problems with Him. God wants everyone to come to Him with our struggles and doubts.

Furthermore, the book of Habakkuk teaches everyone that God is still in control of the world (see also Psalm 145). God’s people must be willing to trust God and His will with patience and obedience. With each passing day, Habakkuk and many other people recognized that God always rights all wrongs, comforts all pain, and brings His justice into the world! God is omnipresent and ever-present (Habakkuk 2:2-20). He sees the “big picture” of life. God sees and cares deeply for every pain, wrongdoing, and injustice. Although people may not see it, God’s sovereign Hand is at work in His world for His glory, salvation, and justice (Habakkuk 2:2-3, 14; 1 John 5:14-15). God acts sovereignly to correct wrongdoing and corruption, especially against His people, so that all people may ultimately see His glory (Habakkuk 2:3, 14; Habakkuk 3:2-15). Even more, God’s grace and blessings follow our trust and obedience. God alone will be worshipped for His divine goodness and holiness (1 John 5:21).

Habakkuk’s mission was to make it clear that even if God’s justice seems slow in coming, God’s justice will come (Habakkuk 2:2-5). Wickedness and evil will NOT win but righteousness will prevail. Judgment may not come quickly, but it will come. God’s people are to be patient! As God told Habakkuk, "Wait for it" (Habakkuk 2:3). God dislikes sin, wickedness, and evil and His punishment of sin will certainly come. God’s people are to patiently wait and trust in God and not in themselves, knowing that God will ultimately punish all violence, wickedness, and injustice (Habakkuk 2:5, see Hebrews10:35-38).

The key verse of Habakkuk is Habakkuk 2:4, “But the just shall live by his faith.” This verse is quoted in Romans 1:17, Galatians 3:11, and Hebrews 10:38. The apostle Paul takes Habakkuk 2:4 and makes it the heart of the Gospel message about Jesus Christ. Righteousness (or a right relationship with God) is reached only through faith. To live by faith means to patiently trust God and obey God's Word, no matter how we feel, what we see, or what the consequences may be (see also Hebrews 11). At Galatians 3:10-11, the apostle Paul says that no one is righteous before God by the Law. Paul cites Habakkuk 2:4 as proof that faith in God makes a person righteous in the eyes of God as opposes to keeping the Law (see also Romans 5:1-5; Ephesians 2:8-10). Continually trusting God during suffering and difficult times produces character, perseverance, and hope.

In essence, the apostle Paul declares by citing Habakkuk 2:4 that Habakkuk characterizes the righteous as a people of faith and a people who earned status with God not by keeping the Law but by trusting God even during tough times. In other words, people are not righteous by keeping God’s Law. People keep God’s Law because they trust God and believe in God despite the circumstances. The one who is faithful to God even during tough times will keep God’s Law and is righteous. God transforms the hearts of those who trust Him so they can faithfully follow God’s holy standards of living (Romans 1:16-17; Galatians 3:11; Hebrews 10:37-39). Therefore, one cannot separate having faith and being faithful. We are declared righteous with God by living a life of continually joy and trust in Him, despite troubling conditions (see also Habakkuk 3). God is trustworthy even when things are hard!

Living by faith is far more than merely following rituals and rules. Faith is a matter of the heart (Hebrews 10:22). The prophet Habakkuk encourages God’s people to persevere in their faith and conduct when facing persecution and pressure (see also Romans 5:3-5). The apostle Paul reveals through Habakkuk's declaration (Habakkuk 2:4) that by trusting God — believing in his provision for our sins and living each day in his power — we will ultimately win! 

God’s people must patiently trust God in a difficult time. However, we are to never arrogantly trust ourselves and leave God out of our lives (Ezekiel 18:9; Isaiah 26:1-6). God is on His holy throne, and He is King of kings and Lord of lords (Habakkuk 2:20). Empires and nations may rise and fall, but God remains the same generation after generation. God’s people must trust that God is directing all things according to His glorious purposes when we do not understand why (Romans 8:28). The men and women listed in Hebrews 11 illustrate how ordinary people accomplished extraordinary things because they trusted and obeyed God.

Habakkuk is all dialogue between the prophet and God. The prophet had a crisis of faith. God does not speak through the prophets to the people. Instead, God speaks to the prophet and the prophet’s attitude. God declares with public notice to the prophet that everyone is to live by faith (Habakkuk 2:2-4). In other words, Habakkuk 2:4 states clearly that the righteous will live faithfully before God and trust God in the midst of hard times. Even more, God wants everyone to have continually joy and realize that God will bring peace and triumph as we trust Him with and during the suffering (Philippians 4:4-7; James 1:2). 

Job was under God’s leadership and evil was the agent of Job’s downfall.  According to the book of Job, evil attacks us to test us and we bring glory to God in the way we suffer. Evil wants us to curse and turn away from God. According to Job, we do not suffer because we have sinned; we suffer so we can sin. By not sinning, we bring glory to God. Also Job found restoration and restoration is the answer to suffering. As we enduring suffering, God brings restoration and glory. After passing through judgment, glory follows. God’s people are to endure testing (James 1:3) and temptation (James 1:13-14).

Moreover, God’s message to Habakkuk stresses that His people must live a life of faith, goodness (righteousness), and patience (Habakkuk 2:4). God’s people are to make God’s righteous standards their own and imitate God’s righteousness in their lives (see also Genesis 15:6). As God’s people, we are to commit to doing what is right even when we face suffering (1 Peter 4:19). Our suffering and troubles can always provide an excuse for sinning, but we must live holy lives, branded by love for God and others (Matthew 22:34-40). In trials, God is still sovereign and faithful (1 Peter 4:19). God controls everything of life and we do not need to fear (Joshua 10:25; 2 Chronicles 20:15; Luke 12:7). Because we know that God is faithful, we can trust in Him and His promises (Psalm 145:11).

Those who patiently trust God and faithfully obey Him will rejoice and find victory (Habakkuk 3:16-19; see also Romans 1:16-17; Galatians 3:11; Hebrews 10:35-39). The prophet Habakkuk calls all people to wholeheartedly trust God and to be faithful to Him. We can rise above our circumstances, and even rejoice in them, by focusing on God who stands above all. The prophet Habakkuk does not deny his problems; instead, he finds God’s glory and peace in the midst of his trials and troubles. God always draws close and answer those who love and trusts Him (Psalm 147:11).

2 The Lord answered me (Habakkuk): “Write down the vision; write it clearly on clay tablets so whoever reads it can run to tell others. . . .  4 The evil nation is very proud of itself; it is not living as it should. But those who are right with God will live by trusting in Him. . . .  14 Then, just as water covers the sea, people everywhere will know the Lord’s glory . . . 20 The Lord is in His Holy Temple; all the earth should be silent in His presence.” Habakkuk 2:2, 4, 14, 20 (New Century Version), see also Romans 1:17; Galatians 3:11; Hebrews 10:37-38.

19 So if you are suffering according to God’s will, keep on doing what is right and trust yourself to the God who made you, for He will never fail you. 1 Peter 4:19 (The Living Bible)

References:
King James Version Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1988.
Life Application Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2005.
New Student Bible. New York: Zondervan, 1992.
NLT Study Bible. Carol Streams, IL: Tyndale House Pub., 2008.
Spirit Filled Life Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1991.
The Amplified Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1987.
Wiersbe, Warren W. Bible Exposition Commentary. Victor Books, 1989.
Woman’s Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1995.
Word in Life Study Bible. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1996.
Zondervan NIV Study Bible. New York: Zondervan, 2008.